The carnival tradition of “Genitsaroi and Boules” in Naoussa, Greece, is one of the most unique and historically rich customs in the country. Rooted in the era of Ottoman rule, this event combines elements of folk dance, theatrical performance, and deep symbolism, creating a powerful expression of cultural identity and resistance.
Origins
The origins of the custom date back to the Ottoman occupation of Greece (15th–19th century). It is believed that the ritual was a way for young Greek men to preserve their heritage and defy the Ottoman authorities. The term “Genitsaroi”, derived from the Turkish word “yeniçeri,” meaning Janissary, the elite soldiers of the Ottoman Empire, refers to the young men who participate in the custom, while “Boules” is the name given to those among them who wear female attire, following an old folk tradition.
The Ritual and Its Symbolism
The participants, called “Genitsaroi,” wear elaborate traditional costumes, consisting of a white foustanella (pleated skirt), a richly decorated vest, and a characteristic mask (prosopio). The mask, made of wax and cloth, is a crucial element, symbolizing anonymity, unity, and a mystical connection with the past. The “Boula” is a male participant dressed as a woman, wearing an elegant costume with a long skirt and a headscarf. This role is not meant to mock femininity but rather to honour ancient traditions where men played female roles in rituals.
The Procession and Festivities
The event starts early in the morning of Sunday of Apokries (Carnival Sunday) during the Greek Carnival, with the „dressing of the Genitsaros and the gathering of the group (boulouki). The characteristic sound of the zournas and the daouli accompanies them at every step as they dance through the streets of Naoussa. Before noon, they assemble at the town hall, where they dance and receive the mayor’s permission to perform in the city. They then continue to perform synchronized, dynamic dances through the streets, of Naoussa, stopping at specific locations. In the afternoon, the masks are removed in the town square, revealing the participants’ faces. This act marks the transition from anonymity back to personal identity and
signifies renewal and unity.
Cultural Significance
The “Genitsaroi and Boules” tradition is more than just a carnival event; it is a deeply symbolic and historic celebration. It represents the endurance of the Greek spirit, the struggle for freedom, and the importance of cultural heritage. For the people of Naoussa, it is a way to honour their ancestors and keep their history alive.
A Living Tradition
The custom of “Genitsaroi and Boules” is a living testament to the resilience and cultural richness of Naoussa. With its blend of history, music, dance, and symbolism, it continues to captivate both locals and visitors. Anyone who experiences this tradition firsthand is left with a profound appreciation for Greece’s deep-rooted customs and the vibrant spirit of its people.
